[28], Bone tools may have been used to cut or process vegetation,[67] or dig up tubers or termites,[64][28] The form of P. robustus incisors appear to be intermediate between H. erectus and modern humans, which could indicate less food processing done by the teeth due to preparation with simple tools. P. boisei is the most robust of this group. [52], In comparison to the large, robust head, the body was rather small. For example, if the South African A. sediba (which evolved from A. africanus) is considered the ancestor or closely related to the ancestor of Homo, then this could allow for A. africanus to be placed more closely related to Homo than to Paranthropus. It was originally placed into its own genus as "Zinjanthropus boisei", but is now relegated to Paranthropus along with other robust australopithecines. Stone tools from Kromdraai could possibly be attributed to P. robustus, as no Homo have been found there yet. Paranthropus is characterised by robust skulls, with a prominent gorilla-like sagittal crest along the midline–which suggest strong chewing muscles–and broad, herbivorous teeth used for grinding. [15], Because P. boisei and P. aethiopicus are both known from East Africa and P. aethiopicus is only confidently identified from the skull KNM WT 17000 and a few jaws and isolated teeth, it is debated if P. aethiopicus should be subsumed under P. boisei or if the differences stemming from archaicness justifies species distinction. [10] P. boisei changed remarkably little over its nearly 1 million year existence. OH 80 was also associated with Oldowan stone tools. At Member 3, all individuals were about 45 kg (99 lb). robustus. [41], A 2017 study postulated that, because male non-human great apes have a larger sagittal crest than females (particularly gorillas and orangutans), the crest may be influenced by sexual selection in addition to supporting chewing muscles. Nonetheless, despite lacking a particularly forceful precision grip like Homo, the hand was still dextrous enough to handle and manufacture simple tools. Feeding on these, P. boisei may have been able to meet its daily caloric requirements of approximately 9700 kJ after about 6 hours of foraging. However, as more specimens were found, the combination Paranthropus boisei became more popular. [8], It is debated whether the wide range of variation in jaw size indicates simply sexual dimorphism or a grounds for identifying a new species. [6]:117–121, Before P. boisei was described (and P. robustus was the only member of Paranthropus), Broom and Robinson continued arguing that P. robustus and A. africanus (the then only known australopithecines) were two distinct lineages. [11] P. robustus, on the other hand, was recorded in Swartkrans until Member 3 dated to 1–0.6 mya (the Middle Pleistocene), though more likely the younger side of the estimate. [16] At Swartkrans Cave Members 1 and 2, about 35% of the P. robustus individuals are estimated to have weighed 28 kg (62 lb), 22% about 43 kg (95 lb), and the remaining 43% bigger than the former but less than 54 kg (119 lb). [6]:109 The first definitive bodily elements of P. boisei associated with facial elements, OH 80 (isolated teeth with an arm and a leg), were discovered in 2013. Alternatively, by multiplying the density of either bovids, elephants, or hippos by the percentage of hominin remains out of total mammal remains found at the formation, Boaz estimated a density of 0.001–2.58 individuals per square kilometre. aethiopicus. [29] The youngest record of P. boisei comes from Konso, Ethiopia about 1.4 mya, however there are no East African sites dated between 1.4 and 1 mya, so it may have persisted until 1 mya.
Joseph Naso 2020, El Rancho Supermercado, Wilcon Depot Tiles 60x60 Price Philippines, Sharina Hudson Baby 2020, Melvin Franklin Death, Oral Surgery Powerpoint Presentation, Final Fantasy 9 Tantalus, Yakuza 0 Economy,